Highly efficient synthesis of z-macrocycles using stereoretentive, ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts

ABSTRACT

A highly efficient, Z-selective ring-closing metathesis system for the formation of macrocycles using a stereoretentive, ruthenium-based catalyst supported by a dithiolate ligand is reported. This catalyst is demonstrated to be remarkably active as observed in initiation experiments showing complete catalyst initiation at −20° C. within 10 min. Using easily accessible diene starting materials bearing a Z-olefin moiety, macrocyclization reactions generated products with significantly higher Z-selectivity in appreciably shorter reaction times, in higher yield, and with much lower catalyst loadings than in previously reported systems. Macrocyclic lactones ranging in size from twelve-membered to seventeen-membered rings are synthesized in moderate to high yields (68-79% yield) with excellent Z-selectivity (95%-99% Z).

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 16/611,329, filed Nov. 6, 2019; which is a national stage of PCT International Application No. PCT/US2018/029106, filed Apr. 24, 2018; which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/503,155 filed May 8, 2017 and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/521,647 filed Jun. 19, 2017, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

STATEMENT OF FEDERAL SUPPORT

This invention was made with government support under grant number GM031332 awarded by the National Institutes of Health, grant number CHE1502616 awarded by the National Science Foundation and grant number N00014-14-1-0650 awarded by the Office of Naval Research. The government has certain rights in the invention.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to the use of Ruthenium based metathesis catalysts in the synthesis of metathesis of olefins and olefin compounds, more particularly, in the use of such catalysts in the synthesis of Z-macrocycles. The invention has utility in the fields of organic synthesis, pharmaceutical industry as well as in flavors and fragrances.

A highly efficient, Z-selective ring-closing metathesis system for the formation of macrocycles using a stereoretentive, ruthenium-based catalyst supported by a dithiolate ligand is reported. This catalyst is demonstrated to be remarkably active as observed in initiation experiments showing complete catalyst initiation at −20° C. within 10 min. Using easily accessible diene starting materials bearing a Z-olefin moiety, macrocyclization reactions generated products with significantly higher Z-selectivity in appreciably shorter reaction times, in higher yield, and with much lower catalyst loadings than in previously reported systems. Macrocyclic lactones ranging in size from twelve-membered to seventeen-membered rings are synthesized in moderate to high yields (68-79% yield) with excellent Z-selectivity (95%-99% Z).

BACKGROUND

Transition-metal catalyzed ring-closing metathesis (RCM) has become a powerful method for generating cyclic molecules (Grubbs, R. H., Wenzel, A. G., O'Leary, D. J., Khosravi, E., Eds. Handbook of Metathesis; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2015).

It is used widely in the synthesis of several pharmaceuticals as well as in the production of pheromones and musks, as replacements for toxic synthetic polycyclic and nitroarene musks [(a) Michrowska, A.; Wawrzyniak, P.; Grela, K. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2004, 2053. (b) Rimkus, G. G. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry; Springer: Berlin, 2004; Vol. 3X. (c) Rowe, D. J. Chemistry and Technology of Flavors and Fragrances; Blackwell: Oxford, U. K., 2005. (d) Gradillas, A.; Perez-Castells, J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 6086. (e) Ohloff, G.; Pickenhagen, W.; Kraft, P. Scent and Chemistry: The Molecular World of Odors; Verlag Helvetica Acta: Zuirich, 2011. (f) Marx, V. M.; Herbert, M. B.; Keitz, B. K.; Grubbs, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 94. (g) Higman, C. S.; Lummiss, J. A. M.; Fogg, D. E. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 3552].

The stereochemistry of the alkene, E- or Z-, in these cyclic structures is often crucial to the biological activity of a molecule or its olfactory characteristics, and small amounts of impurity of the other stereoisomer in chemical mixtures, can drastically decrease their potency. It is often particularly difficult to separate E- and Z-isomers as techniques for their separation are not general. As such, methods for producing stereochemically pure cyclic compounds are of paramount importance.

Controlling olefin stereochemistry in RCM reactions can be difficult. When using common non-selective metathesis catalysts, selectivity is controlled by the thermodynamic stability of the olefin products and can vary depending on ring size and double bond position [(a) Fürstner, A.; Langemann, K. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 3942. (b) Fürstner, A.; Langemann, K. Synthesis 1997, 792. (c) Goldberg, W. P. D.; Hobber, A. S.; Weiler, L. Tetrahedron Lett. 1998, 39, 4955. (d) Lee, C. W.; Grubbs, R. H. Org. Lett., 2000, 2 (14), 2145. (e) Yu, M.; Wang, C.; Kyle, A. F.; Jakubec, P.; Dixon, D. J.; Schrock, R. R.; Hoveyda, A. H. Nature 2011, 479, 88].

Furthermore, high catalyst loadings are often needed for macrocyclization reactions using RCM. In these instances, removal of residual metals, the presence of which can be undesirable in the end product or could potentially isomerize products, can be difficult. For some applications, this requires further purification with lead tetra acetate or phosphine additives or with multiple chromatographic columns followed by treatment with charcoal [(a) Paquette, L. A.; Schloss, J. D.; Efremov, I.; Fabris, F.; Gallou, F.; Mendez-Andino, J.; Yang, J. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 1259. (b) Maynard, H.; Grubbs, R. H. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 4137]. Reducing catalyst loadings required for these reactions is thus an important goal.

One established method for stereoselectively generating Z-macrocycles is ring-closing alkyne metathesis followed by Lindlar hydrogenation [(a) Fürstner, A.; Mathes, C.; Lehmann, C. W. Chem. Eur. J. 2001, 7, 5299. (b) Nilson, M. G. & Funk, R. L. Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4912]. Z-macrocycles have also been synthesized by reaction of terminal olefins with internal vinyl silanes followed by protodesilylation (Wang, Y.; Jimenez, M.; Hansen, A. S.; Raiber, E.-A.; Schreiber, S. L.; Young, D. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 9196). However, these approaches require multiple steps to synthesize the desired product, and thus more direct methods using olefin metathesis are desirable. In 2011, the first report of Z-selective RCM was disclosed. Mo- and W-based catalysts 1-3 of FIG. 1, were used to synthesize a sixteen-membered macrocyclic lactone (91-95% Z), nakadomarin A (90-97% Z), and epothilone C (69-97% Z) (Yu, M.; Wang, C.; Kyle, A. F.; Jakubec, P.; Dixon, D. J.; Schrock, R. R.; Hoveyda, A. H. Nature 2011, 479, 88). While these catalysts afforded exceptional selectivity, they required catalyst loadings of catalyst 5 to 6 mol %. One year later, Z-selective cyclometallated ruthenium-based catalyst 4 of FIG. 1 (7.5 mol %) was reported to generate macrocyclic lactones, lactams and ketones (75-94% Z) with the purpose of synthesizing pheromones and fragrances (Marx, V. M.; Herbert, M. B.; Keitz, B. K.; Grubbs, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 94; Herbert, M. B.; Marx, V. M.; Pederson R. L.; Grubbs, R. H. A.C.I.E. 2013, 52, 310). This method was limited by long reaction times, required the use of high boiling solvents and elevated temperatures, and delivered most products with generally ca. 85% Z-selectivity.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Catalysts used previously to selectively generate highly Z-macrocycles.

FIG. 2. Model for Z-selectivity using stereoretentive metathesis catalysts in cross-metathesis.

FIGS. 3A-3B. FIG. 3A shows proposed disfavored and favored metallacyclobutane intermediates in macrocyclization reactions implementing stereoretentive catalyst 5. FIG. 3B shows synthesis of diene substrates from acyl chlorides and Z-hydroxy olefins.

FIGS. 4A-4B. FIG. 4A shows the reaction of catalyst 5 with butyl vinyl ether. FIG. 4B shows the plot of ln([Ru]/[Ru]₀) versus time for initiation experiments conducted with catalysts 4 and 5 at 0° C. and −20° C. monitored by disappearance of the benzylidene signal by ¹H NMR. Plots remain approximately linear for three half-lives of the reaction.

FIG. 5. Proposed favored metallacyclobutane intermediate in macrocylization reaction of Z-olefin with a terminal olefin leading to Z-macrocycles with 95-99% Z-selectivity.

SUMMARY

In 2016, the first demonstration of high stereoretention in transition metal-catalyzed olefin metathesis was reported (Johns, A. M.; Ahmed, T. S.; Jackson, B. W.; Grubbs, R. H.; Pederson, R. L. Org. Lett. 2016, 18 (4), 772). Using Ru catalysts supported by dithiolate ligands, cross metathesis between two Z-olefins or between a Z-olefin and a terminal olefin generated products with high Z-selectivity (>96% Z) (Koh, M. J.; Khan, R. K. M.; Torker, S.; Yu, M.; Mikus, M. S.; Hoveyda, A. H. Nature 2015, 517, 181). Conversely, cross metathesis between two E-olefins or between an E-olefin and a terminal olefin, generated products with kinetic E-selectivity (>98% E). The proposed model for Z-selectivity is based on a proposed side-bound metallacyclobutane intermediate in which stereoselectivity arises from the α-substituents of the metallacyclobutane favorably pointing down, away from the two large N-aryl groups of the N-heterocyclic carbene ligand (FIG. 2). Given that the reacting olefin has Z-stereochemistry, the β-substituent points down in the favored proposed intermediate. Subsequent cycloreversion of this metallocyclobutane intermediate leads to the formation of the Z-product.

Based on this model for selectivity, it was expected that highly Z-selective RCM to generate Z-macrocycles could be possible from diene substrates containing a Z-olefin and a terminal olefin using these catalysts (FIG. 3A). These substrates are easily synthesized in high yield by reaction of commercially available Z-hydroxy olefins with alkenoyl chlorides (FIG. 3B). Substrates were designed such that RCM of these substrates would give the desired product as well as a gaseous byproduct, propylene or 1-butene, which could be readily removed from the reaction mixture.

For these reactions, catalyst 5, bearing an NHC with N-2,6-di-iso-propylphenyl groups, was chosen due to its remarkable activity in cross-metathesis reactions of Z-olefins. To compare the initiation rates of catalyst 4 and catalyst 5, the reactions of butyl vinyl ether with each catalyst were monitored using ¹H NMR experiments (FIGS. 4A and 4B). Under standard conditions at 30° C., catalyst 5 had already fully initiated within the 15 s required to acquire the first spectrum, and thus a rate constant could not be determined (Keitz, B.; Endo, K.; Patel, P. R. Herbert, M. B.; Grubbs, R. H. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2012, 134 (1), 693). The reaction was then monitored at 0° C. and was completed within 2 min with catalyst 5 while catalyst 4 required 1.5 h. Values of k_(init) for catalyst 4 and catalyst 5 at this temperature were determined to be 1.00×10⁻³ s⁻¹ and 2.42×10⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. Thus, there is a magnitude of difference in the initiation rates of these catalysts, k_(rel)=k_(init5)/k_(init4)=24.2. Furthermore, full initiation of catalyst 5 was remarkably complete at −20° C. within 10 min with k_(init)=6.14×10⁻³ s⁻¹. Negligible Fischer carbene formation could be observed using catalyst 4 at −20° C. This stark difference in initiation rate is a direct reflection of the significantly greater activity of 5 compared to catalyst 4.

RCM was then attempted using catalyst 5 and was shown to be possible using a variety of substrates, (6)-(12) (Table 1). Using a standard catalyst loading of 6 mol % often used in macrocyclization reactions, reactions were completed within 1 h in dichloromethane under static vacuum (30 mTorr) at 40° C. Twelve-membered to seventeen-membered rings were all synthesized with high Z-selectivity (95-99% Z) in moderate to high yields (68-79% isolated yield). Yuzu lactone, (Z-7), is in high demand by the perfume industry and can be synthesized more rapidly and selectively using catalyst 5 than in previous reports. Larger macrocyclic lactones, fifteen-membered to seventeen-membered rings, were synthesized in slightly higher yields than with smaller twelve-membered to fourteen-membered rings.

TABLE 1 Synthesis of macrocycles using Catalyst 5.

Entry Substrate Product Yield ^(a) Z/E ^(b) 1

70% >99/1 2

68% 95/5 3

67% 95/5 4

72% 98/2 5

74% 99/1 6

79% 95/5 7

75% 95/5 ^(a) Isolated yields. ^(b) Selectivity determined by gas chromatography. Selectivities of Z-7 and Z-8 were determined by ¹H NMR.

Given the exceptional activity exhibited by catalyst 5 in initiation experiments and its high activity in macrocyclic RCM (TON of 11-13 were achieved using 6 mol % catalyst loading), the limit for the catalyst loading required for reaction was examined. Using 0.5 mol % 5, TON of 100 were attained in the macrocyclization of (8) within 1 h as determined by observation of aliquots of the reaction by ¹H NMR. With 1 mol % catalyst 5, complete conversion of the starting material to the macrocyclic product and a small amount of unidentified byproduct, possibly an oligomer of the starting material, was observed. This is significantly lower than reported catalyst loadings, used for achieving high conversion in previously reported Z-selective macrocyclizations.

In summary, highly active, stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst 5 was used for generating highly Z-macrocycles (95-99% Z) from easily available diene substrates with a Z-olefin moiety. The exceptional activity exhibited by this catalyst was determined through initiation studies and showed that full catalyst initiation could be achieved at −20° C. within minutes. Twelve-membered to seventeen-membered macrocycles including yuzu lactone were synthesized using this method in moderate to high yields (67-79% yield). These reactions were completed in significantly shorter times and using lower catalyst loadings than in previously reported Z-selective systems was shown to be possible with TON of up to 100. Further studies using stereoretention for E-selective macrocyclization are underway.

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst of Formula (I):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl,         iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro,         chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate,         diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo,         iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl,         tert-butyl, or phenyl; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst of Formula (II):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl,         sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo,         nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Terminology and Definitions

Unless otherwise indicated, the invention is not limited to specific reactants, reaction conditions, or the like, as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not to be interpreted as being limiting.

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an olefin” includes a single olefin as well as a combination or mixture of two or more olefins, reference to “a substituent” encompasses a single substituent as well as two or more substituents, and the like.

As used in the specification and the appended claims, the terms “for example,” “for instance,” “such as,” or “including” are meant to introduce examples that further clarify more general subject matter. Unless otherwise specified, these examples are provided only as an aid for understanding the invention and are not meant to be limiting in any fashion.

In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings.

The term “diene bearing a Z-olefin moiety” or “diene with a Z-olefin moiety” as used herein means an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing two double bonds wherein one of them is an internal double bond in the Z-configuration.

The term “product internal olefin” as used herein means an internal olefin present in a ring-closing metathesis product formed by a ring-closing metathesis reaction, wherein each of the olefinic carbons (i.e., the carbons of the carbon-carbon double bond) of the internal olefin may have an E-configuration or a Z-configuration.

The term “nil,” as used herein, means absent or nonexistent.

The term “methyl,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—CH₃.”

The term “ethyl,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—CH₂CH₃.”

The term “propyl,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—CH₂CH₂CH₃.”

The term “iso-propyl,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—CH(CH₃)₂.”

The term “iso-propoxy,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—OCH(CH₃)₂.”

The term “butyl,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃.”

The term “sec-butyl,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—CH(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃).”

The term “tert-butyl,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—CH(CH₃)₂.”

The term “phenyl,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—C₆H₅.”

The term “fluoro,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—F.”

The term “chloro,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—Cl.”

The term “bromo,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—Br.”

The term “iodo,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—I.”

The term “nitro,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—NO₂.”

The term “dimethylaminosulfonate,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—NHSO₂Me₂.”

The term “diethylaminosulfonate,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—NHSO₂Et₂.”

The term “cyano,” as used herein, represents a group of formula “—C—N.”

The formula “O,” as used herein, represents an oxygen atom.

The formula “N,” as used herein, represents a nitrogen atom.

The formula “S,” as used herein, represents a sulfur atom.

The formula “H,” as used herein, represents a hydrogen atom.

Stereoretentive Ru-Based Catalysts

The invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst of Formula (I):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl,         iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro,         chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate,         diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo,         iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl,         tert-butyl, or phenyl; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of diene substrate with a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst of Formula (I), wherein:

-   -   R is nil, iso-propyl, or butyl;     -   R₀ is nil;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, and R₁₀ are independently H,         methyl, iso-propyl, or fluoro;     -   R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, phenyl, iso-propoxy,         nitro, diethylaminosulfonate, or dimethylaminosulfonate;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, or chloro; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, or iodo.

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst of Formula (I), wherein:

-   -   R is nil, iso-propyl, or tert-butyl;     -   R₀ is nil;     -   R₁ is methyl, iso-propyl, or fluoro;     -   R₂ is H or methyl;     -   R₃ is H or methyl;     -   R₄ is H or methyl;     -   R₅, is H, methyl, iso-propyl, or fluoro;     -   R₆ is methyl, iso-propyl, or fluoro;     -   R₇ is H or methyl;     -   R₈ is H or methyl;     -   R₉ is H or methyl;     -   R₁₀ is H, methyl, iso-propyl, or fluoro;     -   R₁₁ is H;     -   R₁₂ is H;     -   R₁₃ is H, nitro, iso-propoxy, diethylaminosulfonate, or         dimethylaminosulfonate;     -   R₁₄ is H or phenyl;     -   R₁₅ is H or methyl;     -   R₁₆ is H or methyl;     -   R₁₇ is H or methyl;     -   R₁₈ is H or methyl;     -   X₁ is H, fluoro, or chloro;     -   X₂ is H or fluoro;     -   X₃ is H or fluoro;     -   X₄ is H, fluoro, or chloro; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, or iodo.

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst of Formula (I), wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst is selected from:

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst of Formula (II):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl,         sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo,         nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst of Formula (II), wherein:

-   -   R is iso-propyl;     -   R₀ is nil;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, and R₁₀ are independently H         or methyl;     -   R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H;     -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano; and     -   Y is oxygen or sulfur.

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst of Formula (II), wherein:

-   -   R is iso-propyl;     -   R₀ is nil;     -   R₁ is methyl;     -   R₂ is H;     -   R₃ is methyl;     -   R₄ is H;     -   R₅ is methyl;     -   R₆ is methyl;     -   R₇ is H;     -   R₈ is methyl;     -   R₉ is H;     -   R₁₀ is methyl;     -   R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are H;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are H;     -   Z₁ and Z₂ are cyano; and     -   Y is oxygen or sulfur.

In another embodiment the invention provides a method for generating Z-macrocycles via macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis of diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst selected from:

Diene Substrates Bearing a Z-Olefin Moiety

An example of a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety for use in the present invention may be represented by Formula (III):

wherein:

-   -   R′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and m is 4,         5, 6, or 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety is represented by Formula (III), wherein R′ is methyl or ethyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and m is 4, 6, or 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety is represented by Formula (III), wherein R′ is methyl; n is 2; and m is 4 or 6.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety is represented by Formula (III), wherein R′ is methyl; n is 3; and m is 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (III), wherein R′ is ethyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and m is 6 or 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (III), wherein R′ is ethyl; n is 1 or 2; and m is 6.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (III), wherein R′ is ethyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and m is 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (III), wherein R′ is ethyl; n is 1; and m is 6.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (IV):

wherein:

-   -   R″ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is 4,         5, 6, or 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety is represented by Formula (IV), wherein R″ is methyl or ethyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is 4, 6, or 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (IV), wherein R″ is methyl; q is 2; and p is 4 or 6.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (IV), wherein R″ is ethyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is 6 or 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (IV), wherein R″ is ethyl; q is 1 or 2; and p is 6.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (IV), wherein R″ is ethyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (IV), wherein R″ is ethyl; q is 1; and p is 6.

Another example of a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety for use in the present invention may be represented by Formula (V):

wherein:

-   -   R″′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t is 4,         5, 6, or 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety is represented by Formula (V), wherein R″′ is methyl or ethyl; s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t is 4, 6, or 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety is represented by Formula (V), wherein R″′ is methyl; s is 2; and t is 4 or 6.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (V), wherein R″′ is ethyl; s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t is 6 or 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (V), wherein R″′ is ethyl; s is 1 or 2; and t is 6.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (V), wherein R″′ is ethyl; s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t is 7.

In one embodiment, the diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety can be represented by Formula (V), wherein R″′ is ethyl; s is 1; and t is 6.

Z-Macrocyclic Products

The Z-macrocyclic product of the invention, comprises an internal olefin, wherein the internal olefin is in a Z-selectivity of 90%, or of 95%, or of 99%.

In some embodiments, the invention provides a method that produces a compound (i.e., a product, olefin product; e.g., ring-close metathesis product, a Z-macrocyclic product) having a carbon-carbon double bond (e.g., a product internal olefin) in a Z/E selectivity ratio of 95/5, or 96/4, or 97/3, or 98/2, or in some cases, of 99/1. In some cases, 100% of the carbon-carbon double bond produced in the metathesis reaction may have a Z-configuration. The Z- or cis selectivity may also be expressed as a percentage of product formed (e.g., ring-close metathesis product, Z-macrocyclic product).

In one embodiment, the Z-macrocyclic product has a carbon-carbon double bond in a Z-configuration and is represented by the structure of Formula (VI):

wherein:

-   -   n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and m is 4, 5, 6, or 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VI), wherein n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and m is 4, 6, or 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VI), wherein n is 2; and m is 4 or 6.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VI), wherein n is 3; and m is 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VI), wherein n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and m is 6 or 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VI), wherein, n is 1 or 2; and m is 6.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VI), wherein n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and m is 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VI), wherein, n is 1; and m is 6.

In one embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product has a carbon-carbon double bond in a Z-configuration and is represented by the structure of Formula (VII):

wherein:

q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is 4, 5, 6, or 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VII), wherein q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is 4, 6, or 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VII), wherein q is 2; and p is 4 or 6.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VII), wherein q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is 6 or 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VII), wherein, q is 1 or 2; and p is 6.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VII), wherein q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and p is 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VII), wherein, q is 1; and p is 6.

In o embodiment, the Z-macrocyclic product has a carbon-carbon double bond in a Z-configuration and is represented by the structure of Formula (VIII):

wherein:

-   -   s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t is 4, 5, 6, or 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VIII), wherein s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t is 4, 6, or 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VIII), wherein s is 2; and t is 4 or 6.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VIII), wherein s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t is 6 or 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VIII), wherein, s is 1 or 2; and t is 6.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VIII), wherein s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and t is 7.

In another embodiment, the at least one Z-macrocyclic product is represented by the structure of Formula (VIII), wherein, s is 1; and t is 6.

EMBODIMENTS

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VI):

wherein:

-   -   n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic         product of Formula (VI) is a twelve, thirteen, fourteen,         fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a         Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising:     -   subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety         represented by Formula (III):

wherein:

-   -   R′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5,         6, or 7;     -   to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the         presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by         Formula (I):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl,         iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro,         chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate,         diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo,         iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl,         tert-butyl, or phenyl; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VI):

wherein:

-   -   n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic         product of Formula (VI) is a twelve, thirteen, fourteen,         fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a         Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising:     -   subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety         represented by Formula (III):

wherein:

-   -   R′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5,         6, or 7;     -   to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the         presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by         Formula (II):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl,         sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo,         nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VII):

wherein:

-   -   q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic         product of Formula (VII) is a twelve, thirteen, fourteen,         fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a         Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising:     -   subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety         represented by Formula (IV):

wherein:

-   -   R″ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5,         6, or 7;     -   to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the         presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by         Formula (I):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl,         iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro,         chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate,         diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo,         iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl,         tert-butyl, or phenyl; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VII):

wherein:

-   -   q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic         product of Formula (VII) is a twelve, thirteen, fourteen,         fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a         Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising:     -   subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety         represented by Formula (IV):

wherein:

-   -   R″ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5,         6, or 7;     -   to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the         presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by         Formula (II):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl,         sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo,         nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VI), wherein: n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is an eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (III), wherein: R′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5, 6, or 7; to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I), wherein: R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VI), wherein: n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is an eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (III) wherein: R′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5, 6, or 7; to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (II), wherein, R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VII), wherein: q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VII) is an eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (IV) wherein: R″ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I), wherein: R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VII), wherein: q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VII) is an eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (IV) wherein: R″ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (II), wherein, R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VII):

wherein:

-   -   s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic         product of Formula (VIII) is an eleven, twelve, thirteen,         fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a         Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising:     -   subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety         represented by Formula (V):

wherein:

-   -   R″′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 4, 5,         6, or 7;     -   to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the         presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by         Formula (I):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl,         iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro,         chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate,         diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo,         iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl,         tert-butyl, or phenyl; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VIII):

wherein:

-   -   s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic         product of Formula (VIII) is an eleven, twelve, thirteen,         fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a         Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising:     -   subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety         represented by Formula (V):

wherein:

-   -   R″′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 4, 5,         6, or 7;     -   to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the         presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by         Formula (II):

wherein:

-   -   R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl,         iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl;     -   R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄         are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl,         sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo,         nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano;     -   R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl;     -   Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and     -   Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product as described above, comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety as described above, to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst selected from:

EXPERIMENTAL

General Information—Materials and Methods

Unless otherwise specified, all manipulations were carried out under air-free conditions in dry glassware in a Vacuum Atmospheres Glovebox filled with N₂. General solvents were purified by passing through solvent purification columns. Commercially available substrates were used as received. All solvents and substrates were sparged with Argon before bringing into the glovebox and filtered over neutral alumina (Brockmann I) prior to use. Catalyst 5, CAS [1865771-19-2], was synthesized according to literature procedure described in Johns, A. M.; Ahmed, T. S.; Jackson, B. W.; Grubbs, R. H.; Pedersen, R. L. Org. Lett. 2016, 18 (4), 772. Catalyst 4, CAS [1352916-84-7], was synthesized according to literature procedure described in U.S. Pat. No. 9,597,674 B2.

Kinetic NMR experiments were performed on a Varian 600 MHz spectrometer with an AutoX probe. Spectra were analyzed using MestReNova Ver. 8.1.2. ¹H and ¹³C NMR characterization data were obtained on a Bruker 400 with Prodigy broadband cryoprobe and referenced to residual protio-solvent.

The following abbreviations are used in the examples:

mL milliliter L liter ° C. degrees Celsius CD₂Cl₂ deuterated dichloromethane CDCl₃ deuterated chloroform DCM dichloromethane HCl hydrochloric acid NaHCO₃ sodium dicarboxylate Et₂O diethyl ether MgSO₄ magnesium sulfate

C823 Dichloro(benzylidene)bis(tricyclohexyl phosphine) ruthenium (II) [CAS 172222-30-9] aq. aqueous sat. saturated

EXAMPLES Synthesis of Diene Substrates Bearing a Z-olefin Moiety Example 1 Synthesis of (Z)-hex-4-en-1-yl oct-7-enoate (6)

To a 100 mL round-bottom flask charged with a stir bar were added dichloromethane (50 mL), 7-octenoic acid (1.54 mL, 10.0 mmol), and pyridine (80.7 μL, 1.00 mmol). Oxalyl chloride (1.00 mL, 11.8 mmol) was added dropwise, and the reaction was stirred overnight. The solvents were removed under vacuum. Dichloromethane (20 mL) and pyridine (0.81 mL, 10.0 mmol) were added, subsequently, cis-4-hexenol (1.09 mL, 9.3 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. After bringing the reaction to room temperature, it was stirred for an additional 4 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with 1M aq. HCl (200 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and the solvents were removed under vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (5:95 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (1.58 g, 76% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.79 (ddt, J=16.9, 10.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dddd, J=10.7, 8.2, 6.7, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.42-5.29 (m, 1H), 4.99 (dq, J=17.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (ddt, J=10.2, 2.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.16-1.98 (m, 4H), 1.73-1.55 (m, 7H), 1.46-1.28 (m, 4H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 174.00, 138.94, 129.24, 125.03, 114.53, 63.89, 34.45, 33.70, 28.74, 28.66, 28.56, 24.98, 23.31, 12.85.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₁₄H₂₄O₂ Calculated—224.1776, Found—224.1745.

Example 2 Synthesis of (Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl dec-9-enoate (7)

To a 100 mL round-bottom flask charged with a stir bar were added dichloromethane (50 mL), 9-decenoic acid (1.85 mL, 10.0 mmol), and pyridine (80.7 μL, 1.00 mmol). Oxalyl chloride (1.00 mL, 11.8 mmol) was added dropwise, and the reaction was stirred for overnight. The solvents were removed under vacuum. Dichloromethane (20 mL) and pyridine (0.81 mL, 10.0 mmol) were added, subsequently, cis-3-hexenol (1.10 mL, 9.3 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. After bringing the reaction to room temperature, it was stirred for an additional 4 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with 1M aq. HCl (200 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and the solvents were removed under vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (5:95 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (2.02 g, 86% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.79 (ddt, J=16.9, 10.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.64-5.37 (m, 1H), 5.37-5.14 (m, 1H), 5.02-4.94 (m, 1H), 4.92 (ddt, J=10.2, 2.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.43-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.28 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.12-1.89 (m, 4H), 1.67-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.19 (m, 8H), 0.96 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.01, 139.22, 134.61, 123.90, 114.31, 63.88, 34.46, 33.89, 29.23, 29.21, 29.04, 28.97, 26.89, 25.07, 20.73, 14.37.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₁₇H₃₀O₂ Calculated—266.2246, Found—266.2216.

Example 3 Synthesis of (Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl undec-10-enoate (8)

To a 100 mL round-bottom flask charged with a stir bar were added dichloromethane (20 mL), undecenoyl chloride (2.37 mL, 11.0 mmol), and pyridine (0.89 mL, 11.0 mmol). Cis-3-hexenol (1.18 mL, 10.0 mmol) was then added dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with 1M aq. HCl (200 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and the solvents were removed under vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (5:95 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (2.53 g, 95% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.80 (ddt, J=16.9, 10.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.55-5.45 (m, 1H), 5.36-5.26 (m, 1H), 4.99 (dq, J=17.1, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (ddt, J=10.2, 2.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.43-2.31 (m, 2H), 2.32-2.24 (m, 2H), 2.04 (dddd, J=14.8, 7.9, 5.0, 1.5 Hz, 4H), 1.67-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.42-1.33 (m, 2H), 1.33-1.24 (m, 8H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.06, 139.32, 134.63, 123.92, 114.28, 63.89, 34.49, 33.94, 29.43, 29.35, 29.26, 29.20, 29.04, 26.90, 25.11, 20.75, 14.39.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₁₇H₃₀O₂ Calculated—266.2246, Found—266.2216.

Example 4 Synthesis of (Z)-hex-4-en-1-yl dec-9-enoate (9)

To a 100 mL round-bottom flask charged with a stir bar were added dichloromethane (50 mL), 9-decenoic acid (1.85 mL, 10.0 mmol), and pyridine (80.7 μL, 1.00 mmol). Oxalyl chloride (1.00 mL, 11.8 mmol) was added dropwise, and the reaction was stirred overnight. The solvents were removed under vacuum. Dichloromethane (20 mL) and pyridine (0.81 mL, 10.0 mmol) were added, subsequently, cis-4-hexenol (1.09 mL, 9.3 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. After bringing the reaction to room temperature, it was stirred for an additional 4 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with 1M aq. HCl (200 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and the solvents were removed under vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (5:95 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (2.05 g, 87% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.80 (ddt, J=13.2, 10.0, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 5.60-5.44 (m, 1H), 5.44-5.32 (m, 1H), 5.12-4.96 (m, 1H), 4.93 (ddd, J=10.2, 2.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 2.30 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.20-1.96 (m, 4H), 1.81-1.58 (m, 7H), 1.49-1.24 (m, 8H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 174.12, 139.29, 129.27, 125.05, 114.34, 63.89, 34.53, 33.92, 29.26, 29.07, 29.00, 28.59, 25.14, 23.34, 12.88.

HRMS (FAB+): [M+H] C₁₆H₂₉O₂ Calculated—253.2158, Found—253.2168.

Example 5 Synthesis of (Z)-hex-4-en-1-yl undec-10-enoate (10)

To a 100 mL round-bottom flask charged with a stir bar were added dichloromethane (20 mL), undecenoyl chloride (2.37 mL, 11.0 mmol), and pyridine (0.89 mL, 11.0 mmol). Cis-4-hexenol (1.17 mL, 10.0 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with 1M aq. HCl (200 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and the solvents were removed under vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (5:95 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (2.45 g, 92% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.80 (ddt, J=16.9, 10.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dddd, J=10.7, 8.2, 6.7, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (dtq, J=10.7, 7.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (dq, J=17.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.92 (ddt, J=10.2, 2.3, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 2.29 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.11 (qt, J=7.2, 1.2 Hz, 2H), 2.07-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.60 (ddt, J=6.7, 1.8, 0.9 Hz, 6H), 1.36 (dt, J=8.3, 4.8 Hz, 2H), 1.28 (q, J=4.1, 3.3 Hz, 7H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 174.12, 139.33, 129.26, 125.04, 114.28, 63.89, 34.54, 33.94, 29.44, 29.36, 29.28, 29.21, 29.04, 28.58, 25.15, 23.33, 12.86.

HRMS (FAB+): [M+H] C₁₇H₃₁O₂ Calculated—267.2324, Found—267.2335.

Example 6 Synthesis of (Z)-oct-5-en-1-yl undec-10-enoate (11)

To a 100 mL round-bottom flask charged with a stir bar were added dichloromethane (20 mL), undecenoyl chloride (2.37 mL, 11.0 mmol), and pyridine (0.89 mL, 11.0 mmol). Cis-5-octenol (1.51 mL, 10.0 mmol) was added dropwise at 0° C.; the reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with 1M aq. HCl (200 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and the solvents were removed under vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (5:95 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (2.82 g, 96% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.82 (ddt, J=16.9, 10.1, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.46-5.37 (m, 1H), 5.36-5.25 (m, 1H), 5.01 (dq, J=17.1, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (ddt, J=10.2, 2.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.31 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.06 (dddd, J=10.9, 9.5, 5.3, 1.6 Hz, 6H), 1.72-1.61 (m, 4H), 1.47-1.27 (m, 12H), 0.97 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.99, 139.17, 132.16, 128.49, 114.14, 64.22, 34.39, 33.80, 29.31, 29.22, 29.14, 29.07, 28.90, 28.23, 26.63, 26.05, 25.02, 20.54, 14.36.

HRMS (FAB+): [M+H] C₁₉H₃₅O₂ Calculated—295.2637, Found—295.2639.

Example 7 Synthesis (Z)-non-6-en-1-yl undec-10-enoate (12)

To a 100 mL round-bottom flask charged with a stir bar were added dichloromethane (20 mL), undecenoyl chloride (2.37 mL, 11.0 mmol), and pyridine (0.89 mL, 11.0 mmol). Cis-6-nonenol (1.67 mL, 10.0 mmol) was then added dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was brought to room temperature and stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture was extracted with 1M aq. HCl (200 mL) and sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (200 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and the solvents were removed under vacuum. The product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (5:95 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (2.74 g, 89% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.80 (ddt, J=16.9, 10.2, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 5.50-5.16 (m, 2H), 5.04-4.94 (m, 1H), 4.94-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.05 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.35-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.13-1.96 (m, 6H), 1.61 (dt, J=11.8, 4.1 Hz, 4H), 1.36 (dt, J=6.5, 2.2 Hz, 6H), 1.32-1.25 (m, 8H), 0.95 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.14, 139.32, 131.99, 128.96, 114.28, 64.47, 34.54, 33.94, 29.48, 29.44, 29.36, 29.28, 29.21, 29.03, 28.70, 27.07, 25.70, 25.15, 20.66, 14.52.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₂₀H₃₇O₂ Calculated—309.2794, Found—309.2779.

Synthesis of Z-Macrocyclic products Example 8 Synthesis of (Z)-oxacyclododec-8-en-2-one (Z-6)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added diene (6) (21.0 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst 5 (4.8 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 1 h and quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (12.0 mg, 70% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.45-5.21 (m, 2H), 4.10-−3.96 (m, 2H), 2.49-2.28 (m, 4H), 2.18 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.89-1.81 (m, 2H), 1.68 (ddq, J=8.2, 4.0, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 1.47-1.40 (m, 2H), 1.26-1.18 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 174.18, 131.37, 128.57, 62.31, 35.73, 26.80, 26.30, 25.14, 24.18, 23.08, 22.42.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₁₁H₁₈O₂ Calculated—182.1307, Found—182.1303.

Example 9 Synthesis of (Z)-oxacyclotridec-10-en-2-one (Z-7)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added diene (7) (23.7 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst 5 (4.8 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 1 h and quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (12.5 mg, 68% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.50-5.32 (m, 2H), 4.30-4.15 (m, 2H), 2.43 (q, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 2.35-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.15-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.49 (q, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 1.41-1.33 (m, 2H), 1.22-1.15 (m, 2H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 174.89, 132.41, 127.26, 64.34, 35.54, 29.86, 27.66, 27.41, 26.15, 26.02, 24.73, 23.67.

HRMS (EI): C₁₂H₂₁O₂ Calculated—197.1542, Found—197.1536.

Example 10 Synthesis of (Z)-oxacyclotetradec-11-en-2-one (Z-8)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added diene (8) (25.0 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst 5 (4.8 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 1 h and quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (13.2 mg, 67% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.55 (dtt, J=11.1, 7.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 5.45-5.33 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.11 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.99 (m, 2H), 1.66 (ddt, J=6.3, 4.5, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 1.43-1.30 (m, 10H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.13, 132.47, 127.22, 63.89, 33.46, 27.85, 27.65, 26.25, 26.14, 25.67, 25.56, 25.34, 23.65.

HRMS (FAB+): [M+H] C₁₃H₂₃O₂ Calculated—211.1698, Found—211.1706.

Example 11 Synthesis of (Z)-oxacyclotetradec-10-en-2-one (Z-9)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added a solution of diene (9) (23.7 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst 5 (4.8 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 1 h and then quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (14.2 mg, 72% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.48 (dtt, J=10.5, 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (dtt, J=10.5, 7.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 4.22-4.02 (m, 2H), 2.51-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.25 (qd, J=7.5, 1.4 Hz, 2H), 2.14-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.65 (m, 4H), 1.49-1.28 (m, 8H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 173.98, 131.23, 128.50, 62.84, 33.57, 29.11, 27.00, 26.77, 26.03, 25.23, 25.04, 24.63, 23.73.

HRMS (FAB+): [M+H] C₁₃H₂₃O₂ Calculated—211.1698, Found—211.1690.

Example 12 Synthesis of (Z)-oxacyclopentadec-11-en-2-one (Z-10)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added a solution of diene (10) (25.0 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst 5 (4.8 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 1 h and quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (15.6 mg, 70% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.57-5.38 (m, 1H), 5.30 (dt, J=10.9, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 4.18-3.95 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.23 (qd, J=7.1, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 2.02 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.72 (dtd, J=8.9, 6.9, 4.3 Hz, 4H), 1.36 (dt, J=8.7, 5.9 Hz, 10H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 174.45, 131.47, 128.85, 63.36, 34.51, 28.81, 28.24, 27.96, 27.12, 27.05, 27.01, 26.35, 24.63, 23.75.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₁₄H₂₄O₂ Calculated—224.1776, Found—224.1774.

Example 13 Synthesis of (Z)-oxacyclohexadec-11-en-2-one (Z-11)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added a solution of diene (11) (27.6 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst 5 (4.8 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 1 h and quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). Solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (17.7 mg, 79% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.53-5.20 (m, 2H), 4.14 (t, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.43-2.27 (m, 2H), 2.03 (qd, J=7.0, 3.1 Hz, 4H), 1.63 (dq, J=9.2, 6.3 Hz, 4H), 1.45-1.37 (m, 2H), 1.30 (q, J=5.5, 4.6 Hz, 10H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.09, 130.24, 129.71, 64.24, 34.01, 29.28, 28.54, 28.31, 28.07, 27.76, 27.32, 27.25, 26.73, 26.61, 25.38.

HRMS (FAB+): [M+H] C₁₅H₂₇O₂ Calculated—239.2011, Found—239.2017.

Example 14 Synthesis of (Z)-oxacycloheptadec-11-en-2-one (Z-12)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added a solution of diene (12) (28.9 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst 5 (4.8 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 1 h and quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (17.8 mg, 75% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.39-5.22 (m, 2H), 4.19-4.01 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.06 (dq, J=18.6, 6.1 Hz, 4H), 1.71-1.52 (m, 4H), 1.47-1.17 (m, 14H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 174.57, 130.37, 130.29, 64.75, 34.43, 29.45, 28.88, 28.84, 28.79, 28.76, 28.19, 27.73, 27.32, 26.57, 26.22, 25.57.

HRMS (FAB+): [M+H] C₁₆H₂₈O₂ Calculated—252.2087, Found—252.2089.

Synthesis of E/Z-Macrocyclic Products

For determining the selectivity of the synthesized Z-macrocyclic products, E/Z mixtures of unsaturated lactones were synthesized using catalyst C823 (PCy₃)₂Cl₂Ru═CHPh as references for GC and ¹³C NMR studies for comparison.

Example 15 Synthesis of (E/Z)-oxacyclotetradec-10-en-2-one (E/Z-9)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added a solution of diene (9) (23.7 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst C823 (4.6 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 4 h and quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (13.0 mg, 67% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.68-5.42 (m, 1H), 5.42-5.24 (m, 1H), 4.29-3.98 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.18 (m, 4H), 2.14-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.64 (m, 4H), 1.49-1.20 (m, 12H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 174.28, 173.86, 131.11, 130.62, 130.40, 128.38, 64.81, 62.72, 33.45, 33.01, 31.42, 30.91, 28.98, 28.18, 27.06, 26.88, 26.65, 26.53, 25.91, 25.11, 24.98, 24.92, 24.51, 24.08, 23.61.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₁₃H₂₂O₂ Calculated—210.1620, Found—210.1633.

Example 16 Synthesis of (E/Z)-oxacyclopentadec-11-en-2-one (E/Z −10)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added a solution of diene (10) (25.0 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst C823 (4.6 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 4 h and quenched with 1 mL butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (11.7 mg, 52% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.50-5.20 (m, 2H), 4.19-4.04 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.29 (m, 2H), 2.20 (qd, J=7.4, 6.3, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 2.09-1.96 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.54 (m, 5H), 1.45-1.22 (m, 11H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 174.48, 174.45, 131.97, 131.48, 129.87, 128.85, 64.30, 63.36, 35.01, 34.51, 31.02, 30.32, 28.81, 28.24, 27.96, 27.85, 27.56, 27.13, 27.05, 27.03, 27.01, 26.82, 26.63, 26.35, 25.03, 24.63, 24.57, 23.75.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₁₄H₂₄O₂ Calculated—224.1776, Found—224.1767.

Example 17 Synthesis of (E/Z)-oxacyclohexadec-11-en-2-one (E/Z-11)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added a solution of diene (11) (27.6 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30 mL) and a solution of catalyst C823 (4.6 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 4 h and quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (16.8 mg, 75% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.52-5.15 (m, 2H), 4.22-4.01 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.22 (m, 2H), 2.03 (ddt, J=9.1, 6.8, 3.8 Hz, 4H), 1.61 (dtd, J=15.7, 7.1, 4.0 Hz, 4H), 1.42-1.11 (m, 12H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) b 174.09, 174.07, 131.95, 130.46, 130.24, 129.71, 64.24, 64.08, 34.89, 34.01, 32.16, 32.12, 29.28, 28.54, 28.47, 28.41, 28.34, 28.31, 28.14, 28.07, 27.76, 27.34, 27.32, 27.25, 26.73, 26.68, 26.61, 25.60, 25.38, 25.30.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₁₅H₂₆O₂ Calculated—238.1933, Found—238.1926.

Example 18 Synthesis of (E/Z)-oxacycloheptadec-11-en-2-one (E/Z −12)

To a 150 mL Schlenk tube equipped with a stir bar were added a solution of diene (12) (28.9 mg, 0.0938 mmol) in DCM (30.3 mL) and a solution of catalyst C823 (4.6 mg, 0.00563 mmol) in DCM (1 mL). The tube was sealed and taken out of the glovebox. After one freeze, pump, thaw cycle, the reaction flask was heated at 40° C. for 4 h and quenched with butyl vinyl ether (1 mL). The solvents were removed under vacuum, and the product was purified by column chromatography on silica gel (1:49 Et₂O: pentane) to yield a colorless oil (16.4 mg, 69% yield).

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.39-5.22 (m, 2H), 4.19-4.02 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.04 (ddt, J=14.3, 11.9, 4.8 Hz, 4H), 1.68-1.56 (m, 4H), 1.48-1.22 (m, 14H).

¹³C NMR (101 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 173.38, 129.79, 129.71, 129.18, 129.10, 63.87, 63.56, 33.64, 33.24, 31.57, 30.70, 28.66, 28.26, 28.19, 28.14, 27.71, 27.68, 27.65, 27.60, 27.57, 27.38, 27.14, 27.00, 26.94, 26.91, 26.54, 26.13, 25.93, 25.38, 25.02, 24.96, 24.38, 24.30, 24.28.

HRMS (FAB+): [M]⁺ C₁₆H₂₈O₂ Calculated—252.2079, Found—252.2089.

General Procedure for Catalyst Initiation Experiments

A solution of catalyst (0.003 mmol) in CD₂Cl₂ (0.6 mL) was added to a NMR tube and the tube was sealed with a rubber septum. The tube was taken out of the glovebox and placed in a dry ice/acetone bath. Butyl vinyl ether (12 μL, 0.090 mmol) was injected into the tube, and the reaction was monitored by observing the disappearance of the benzylidene signal by ¹H NMR using an array at the appropriate temperature. FIG. 4 captures the results. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VI):

comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (III):

to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I):

wherein in Formulae (I), (III), and (VI): n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5, 6, or 7; the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is a twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo; or wherein in Formulae (I), (III), and (VI): R′ is methyl; n is 2; m is 6; the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is a sixteen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 98; R is nil, iso-propyl, or butyl; R₀ is nil; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, and R₁₀ are H, methyl, iso-propyl, or fluoro; R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are H, phenyl, iso-propoxy, nitro, or dimethylaminosulfonate; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are H or methyl; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are H, fluoro, or chloro; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, or iodo; or wherein in Formulae (I), (III), and (VI): R′ is methyl or ethyl; n is 2; m is 4 or 7; the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is a twelve or fifteen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 99; R is nil, iso-propyl, or butyl; R₀ is nil; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, and R₁₀ are H, methyl iso-propyl, or fluoro; R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, phenyl, iso-propoxy, nitro, or dimethylaminosulfonate; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are H or methyl; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are H, fluoro, or chloro; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, or iodo; or wherein in Formulae (I), (III), and (VI): R is iso-propyl; R₀ is nil; R₁, R₅, R₆, and R₁₀ are iso-propyl; R₂, R₃, R₄, R₇, R₈, and R₉ are H; R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are H; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are H; X₂ and X₃ are H; X₁ and X₄ are chloro; Y is oxygen; and wherein in Formulae (III) and (VI): R′ is methyl or ethyl; n is 1, 3, or 4; m is 6 or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is a thirteen, fourteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 95; or wherein in Formulae (III) and (VI): R′ is methyl; n is 2; m is 6; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is a fourteen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 98; or wherein in Formulae (III) and (VI): R′ is methyl or ethyl; n is 2; m is 4 or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is a twelve or fifteen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 99; or wherein in Formulae (III) and (VI): R′ is ethyl; n is 1; m is 6; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is a thirteen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of
 95. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein in Formulae (I), (III), and (VI): R′ is methyl or ethyl; n is 1, 3, or 4; m is 6 or 7; the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is a thirteen, fourteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 95; R is nil, iso-propyl or butyl; R₀ is nil; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, and R₁₀ are H, methyl, iso-propyl, or fluoro; R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, phenyl, iso-propoxy, nitro, or dimethylaminosulfonate; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are H or methyl; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are H, fluoro, or chloro; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, or iodo.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:


4. The method of claim 1, wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of


5. The method of claim 1, wherein in Formula (I): R is iso-propyl; R₀ is nil; R₁, R₃, R₅, R₆, R₈, and R₁₀ are independently H, methyl, or iso-propyl; R₂, R₄, R₇, and R₉ are H; R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H or nitro; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are H; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, or chloro; and Y is oxygen.
 6. A method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VI):

wherein: n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VI) is a twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (III):

wherein: R′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; n is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and m is 4, 5, 6, or 7; to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (II):

wherein: R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of:


8. A method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VII):

wherein: q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VII) is a twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (IV):

wherein: R″ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I):

wherein: R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:


10. The method of claim 8, wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of


11. The method of claim 8, wherein in Formula (I): R is iso-propyl; R₀ is nil; R₁, R₃, R₅, R₆, R₈, and R₁₀ are independently H, methyl, or iso-propyl; R₂, R₄, R₇, and R₉ are H; R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H or nitro; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are H; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, or chloro; and Y is oxygen.
 12. A method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VII):

wherein: q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VII) is a twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (IV):

wherein: R″ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; p is 4, 5, 6, or 7; to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (II):

wherein: R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of:


14. A method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VIII):

wherein: s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VIII) is an eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (V):

wherein: R″′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 4, 5, 6, or 7; to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I):

wherein: R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, iso-propoxy, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:


16. The method of claim 14, wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of


17. The method of claim 14, wherein in Formula (I): R is iso-propyl; R₀ is nil; R₁, R₃, R₅, R₆, R₈, and R₁₀ are independently H, methyl, or iso-propyl; R₂, R₄, R₇, and R₉ are H; R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H or nitro; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are H; X₁, X₂, X₃, and X₄ are independently H, fluoro, or chloro; and Y is oxygen.
 18. A method for producing at least one Z-macrocyclic product represented by Formula (VIII):

wherein: s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 4, 5, 6, or 7; and the Z-macrocyclic product of Formula (VIII) is an eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, or seventeen-membered ring with a Z-selectivity of 95, or 98, or 99; comprising: subjecting a diene substrate bearing a Z-olefin moiety represented by Formula (V):

wherein: R″′ is methyl, ethyl, or propyl; s is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 4, 5, 6, or 7; to a macrocyclic ring-closing metathesis reaction in the presence of a stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (II):

wherein: R and R₀ are independently nil, H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or phenyl; R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₀, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ are independently H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, phenyl, fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo, nitro, dimethylaminosulfonate, diethylaminosulfonate, or cyano; R₁₅, R₁₆, R₁₇, and R₁₈ are independently H or methyl; Z₁ and Z₂ are independently cyano or nitro; and Y is oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or iodo.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the stereoretentive Ru-based catalyst represented by Formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of: 